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B+.14 7:H I S      A@ A5%  8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'p@A)BCD|E?@8a b l g4<d<dda ׯ0Vpppp g4QdQdb ׯ0~p@ pp<4!d!d8vS0lt<4BdBd8vS0ltʚ;ʚ;<4dddd8S08z0___PPT10 :___PPT9/ 0((&+>-@0@32? %O =d1 Basic UNIX  IntroductionUNIX is an operating system UNIX has 3 main parts: Kernel - manages hardware resources like terminals and printers File System - accesses files; tree structured Shell - interacts with users UNIX is interactive UNIX is multi-tasking UNIX is multi-userN3ZZ=Z= System Prompt% or $ or computername> System prompt indicates that system is waiting for a command Enter commands at the prompt: %pine %menu %date %who %help %whoami %cal %cal arg (arg = year) %man arg (arg = command name) Note: UNIX commands are case sensitive! ~wh Z)Z \h$ : File SystemFile is a container for data 3 kinds of files: Directories (like folders) Container for files and other directories Sub-directory is a directory contained within another directory Ordinary files Special files / 1j 2 3/ j A$File StructureDirectories and files are organized in a tree-like hierarchy Directory at the top is known as the root directory and is represented as a / Some standard subdirectories under the root directory are etc, usr, and tmp.beC%UNIX Tree-like HierarchyHome Directoryr Home directory is where you find yourself when you log in To print the name of the directory you are in: %pwd (print working directory) Shows the  full pathname eg. /n/m/37/ehepp^k!   k!,l7 PathnameszA pathname is the concatenation of the directories you traverse to reach a file A relative pathname is the concatenation of the directory names from where you are currently  located in the file hierarchy A full pathname specifies the complete path traversed starting with the root (also called an absolute pathname) Z>GkNE&File and Directory Organization You can create and maintain files and directories in your home directory Use subdirectories to organize files Use the mkdir command to create a subdirectory: %mkdir myCS403stuff New subdirectory will be be created in current directory (also called working directory)t Yv#',v$gF'6Moving Through the File Structure Using the cd command$7, , cd is the change directory command Specify a directory name as an argument to cd command to move to that directory within the current directory %cd myCS403stuff Specify a full pathname as an argument to change directories %cd /n/m/37/ehepp/myCS403stuff v =  = HLALG(cd Command (continued)%cd or %cd ~ will put you in your home directory: %cd %pwd /n/m/37/ehepp To move up one one level in a directory hierarchy, follow the cd command with two dots: %cd .. %pwd /n/m/37 |6' X' ''X'+]H)File ManipulationRename a file (move) %mv index.html index.old Delete a file (remove) %rm -i mystuff.txt Look at contents of a file %more index.html xxxxx " x " xP. "  jCopy a file %cp -i index.html index.bkup Create a file %pico myfile.html Update a file %pico myfile.html  x xx xx x xx b   I+Other UNIX CommandsnList a directory s contents %ls List a directory s contents in the  long form %ls -l List a directory s contents including hidden files %ls -a Remove a directory %rmdir myCS403stuffP P/P P4P PP P/&  P19J*File PermissionsPermissions provide a measure of security by establishing who is able to access what files and directories, and how they can be accessed File and directory permissions can be displayed using the ls -l command %ls -l -r--r--r-- 1 marymc Spanish 167 Jul 27 08:15 file.txtVK .3_KPQ,Permission Codes 3 identifiers specify who can access the file: User who owns file  u (aka  owner ) Users who are members of the same group as the file owner - g All other users - o (aka  rest of the world ) 3 levels of access: Read - r Write - w Execute  x (or  search for directories)/Z=Z/J  S-Permission Codes (continued)Nine characters are split into three sets of three characters each: 1st set identifies permissions for the user 2nd set identifies permissions for the group 3rd set identifies permissions for others (the rest of the world) D0 P20P20 -U20 -72Y0 -72B0 -A20P20P2D!'+(  !U.Permission Code Examplesr - - r - - r - - user, group members, and others can read the file r - - - - - - - - only the user can read the file r w - r - - - - - user can read and write the file, group members can read the file, all others are denied accessz2 `2 ` V/Changing PermissionseUse the chmod command to change permissions Two ways to use chmod command: Symbolic form Numeric formJK/ ,/%W0Symbolic Form of chmod$IUses permission code symbols (u, g, o, r, w, x) to add and remove permissions Basic form of command: To add a permission: %chmod [who]+[access] filename eg. - %chmod o+r README To remove a permission: %chmod [who]-[access] filename eg. - %chmod o-w README Note: Can set more than one at a time eg. - %chmod o+r,og-w myfile.html fFF7 FF7 F&F" " Ffd7!" |%2 X1Numeric Form of chmod$ Think of 9 character permission codes as 9 on/off switches represented by 1/0 r w x r w x r w x 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r w x r - x r - - 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 View the binary representation as 3 triplets 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 7 7 7 7 5 4PNJ-\NJ-\Y2!Numeric Form of chmod (continued)$"  Use chmod command with octal value representing desired permissions Examples: %chmod 777 myfile.html 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r w x r w x r w x %chmod 711 mydirectory 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 r w x - - x - - x %chmod 644 myfile.html 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 r w - r - - r - -NZ&ZZ1ZZ&ZN&1 &F - 3 'Z3 File Names,UNIX is case sensitive so Myfile.html is not the same as myfile.html Avoid special characters in file names: < > | & * Extension at end of file name indicates type of file: .html or .htm - Web page .c - C program file .ps - postscript file * represents any arbitrary character string eg. - %ls *.htmlmP  P6PC P,P Pm 6C"   t  s!?/h./027<B D KLMNOPRT[\]^_`PCustom Show 1VCustom Show 1, #VCustom Show 2, "#  0` 3333ff3` 3333f33ff3` "3333̙ff3` Kf3̙` &e̙3g3f` f333̙po7` ___f3̙;/f9` ff3Lm` ff3LmNLm>?" dd@*?nAd@q<nAqFLK#M n?" dd@   @@``PR    M`2p>>N0 &P(  P P Hl? ?" `}  X Click to edit Master title style!!  @ P H ? ?" `  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!    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H  0޽h ? ffMMM̙̙  0N0  P( w r  S HP@@     S HP <$0  H  0޽h ? ffMMM̙̙___PPT10.+} <D'' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*E%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Em%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*mw%(D ' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*w%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*-%(+8+0+0 +0 ~0(  ` X  C     ~  C T  @    H  0޽h ? ̙33\0 P(  X  C       C   @   ~To get system prompt from menu -> select option 4 man provides the manual page for the command specified (on-line unix help)tH  0޽h ? ̙330 `l(  X  C       C    @   t`file is a container for data - it has a name and you can display, copy, rename, remove, etc. the contents sub-directory - can itself contain other files and directories special files - we don't worry about these Analogy: Filing Cabinet = directory Drawers = sub-directories Folders = sub-directories of the subdirectories INCOMPLETE --> too limitedH  0޽h ? ̙3310 (  X  C       C   @   SWhen assigned a userid on UNIX system, also assigned a directory = "home" directory>H  0޽h ? ̙330 ~(  X  C     ~  C   @    H  0޽h ? ̙33J0  @4(  4X 4 C      4 C d"  @   Punix is operating system -- acts like a supervisor (like Windows 98 or DOS) 3 main parts: kernal file system shell - select option 4 on menu -> % interactive - responds to your commands multi-tasking - can do many things at one time: print, compile, edt multi-user - handles more than 1 person at a time (not like PC or Mac at home)6WQH 4 0޽h ? ̙33$0 pd;(  dR d 3      d C -  @   I5Additional / separate the names of the subdirectoriesH d 0޽h ? ̙33%0 W( f R  3       C 7  @   eQwhen directory names you traverse are concatenated together, result is a pathnameH  0޽h ? ̙33_+0 p(  R  3       C >  @   -Hidden files - dot files - do not show up when doing ls command Begin with a . Example - .login .pinerc --> usually contain configuration or initialization info Can combine flags: ls -al Basic form of UNIX command: %"command name" -flag(s) argument(s) rmdir -- directory must be empty Wild card???t5*N3 *H  0޽h ? ̙33*0 c[( @ d@ R  3     a  C J  @   - r - - r - - r - - 1st character - type of file --> - for regular file, d for directory Next 9 characters specify who can access the file and how they can access it (more on next slide) 1 indicates number of links to this file marymc is user of the file Spanish is the group 167 is the size of the file Jul 27 08:15 is the date and time of creation file.txt is the name of the file --> . means this file, .. means parent of this file,xMH  0޽h ? ̙33&0 x( ; N  R  3     ~  C PZ  @    H  0޽h ? ̙33'0 x( d R  3     ~  C d  @    H  0޽h ? ̙33(0 x(  R  3     ~  C xi  @    H  0޽h ? ̙33)0 x`(   R  3     ~  C n  @    H  0޽h ? ̙33,0  ;(  R  3       C Lr  @   IWHO can access: Owner = marymc in previous example Same group = Spanish All others = everyone else in the world HOW they can access: Read = read it Write = change or delete the file Execute = Execute the file or look into a directory>q3#H  0޽h ? ̙33-0 x@(  R  3     ~  C |  @    H  0޽h ? ̙33.0 x( 0@ R  3     ~  C    @    H  0޽h ? ̙33/0 x(  R  3     ~  C t  @    H  0޽h ? ̙3300 x(  R  3     ~  C G  @    H  0޽h ? ̙3310 x@(( l+Ad+A (R ( 3     ~ ( C   @    H ( 0޽h ? ̙3320 xp4(  $A 4R 4 3     ~ 4 C   @    H 4 0޽h ? ̙3330 x@(  @R @ 3     ~ @ C T  @    H @ 0޽h ? ̙33xp^RЀ3ÿ lHbP  LPÄ!?(f+4>GA @X ʐ*ы@ b`fʃ BL`i7dָ6 `dX`e3\$,!`)bBi&9@^ `H<``b ?k?(4lF@[1Pwa EAnmbT1s1s113Ab(F`1sAҮ$Q$ 7) ᛙ\_VYXTZ)%A*R0/ L {A@"D^*++#cttth^v^~ysbIjz~Qell,TЗM@TB >[C<˳2j-d`pxwP|?#EWlkafDzūv;@gʫI|2#$;$WRC.P$orh濾FM ;s| o =(` s3r np ~"Ic-`i"7[<)A {ɽn%{;11D}WVshyr+qj2R2O-[;b1